box = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL, 0);
gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), gtk_label_new ("One"), TRUE, FALSE, 0);
gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), gtk_label_new ("Two"), TRUE, TRUE, 0);
This can be done with GtkGrid as follows:
grid = gtk_grid_new ();
child1 = gtk_label_new ("One");
gtk_widget_set_hexpand (child1, TRUE);
gtk_widget_set_halign (child1, GTK_ALIGN_CENTER);
gtk_grid_attach (GTK_GRID (grid), child1, 0, 0, 1, 1);
child2 = gtk_label_new ("Two");
gtk_widget_set_hexpand (child2, TRUE);
gtk_widget_set_halign (child1, GTK_ALIGN_FILL);
gtk_grid_attach_next_to (GTK_GRID (grid), child2, child1, GTK_POS_RIGHT, 1, 1);